Certified Medical-Surgical Registered Nurse Practice Exam

What is the most common preventable complication of abdominal surgery?

1. Atelectasis

2. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance

3. Thrombophlebitis

4. Urinary retention

The correct answer is: Atelectasis

The most common preventable complication of abdominal surgery is atelectasis. This condition occurs when the air sacs in the lungs partially or completely collapse, which can lead to decreased oxygenation and increase the risk of pneumonia and other pulmonary complications. Atelectasis is particularly prevalent after abdominal surgery due to factors such as pain, impaired mobility, and the anesthetic effects that can limit deep breathing and effective coughing. It is often exacerbated by shallow breathing, which can occur due to discomfort postoperatively. Interventions such as encouraging deep breathing exercises, using incentive spirometry, and promoting early mobilization can significantly reduce the risk of developing atelectasis. While fluid and electrolyte imbalance, thrombophlebitis, and urinary retention are also important considerations after abdominal surgery, they are not as commonly classified as preventable complications in the same way atelectasis is. These conditions might arise because of more specific circumstances related to the patient’s health or the surgery itself, but they are not as universally impacted by the immediate postoperative care practices focused on pulmonary function.